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Introduction

1. In decision VII/30, paragraph 15, while adopting the framework of evaluation of progress towards the 2010 target, the Conference of the Parties invited Parties and Governments to develop national and/or regional goals and targets, and as appropriate, to incorporate them into relevant plans, programmes and initiatives, including national biodiversity strategies and action plans.

2. In response, some countries have adopted or developed national biodiversity targets for 2010 and beyond 2010, while developing or updating their national biodiversity strategies and action plans or similar strategies, plans and programmes, or have adopted targets to complement such strategies, plans or programmes.

3. This note summarizes national biodiversity targets (primarily quantitative), and other relevant targets, for 2010 and beyond 2010, based on the information provided in the fourth national reports and other related information published by countries. This note also covers national targets developed or adopted for the implementation of those targets included in the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation and the programme of work on protected areas.

4. This note is prepared to facilitate the discussions during the informal expert workshop on the updating of the Strategic Plan of the Convention for the post-2010 period (London, 18-20 January 2010) on the possible vision, goals, targets and measures or mechanisms of implementation likely to be included in the updated Strategic Plan of the Convention beyond 2010. Information in this note is presented regionally on a country-by-country basis.

5. It should be noted that this note is not comprehensive. It may not cover all the targets provided in the fourth national reports due to limited time available for reviews, or may not cover the total number of fourth national reports submitted to the Secretariat to date.

AFRICA

Benin

· By 2025, assure the advent of sustainable development through the integration of environment in the national development strategy.

· By 2015, modernize agriculture to an ecologically acceptable level. (Specific objective of the National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan)

· Stop, reverse the degradation process of national forest capital through the implementation of mechanisms that assign responsibility to the communities and guide them towards alternative revenue sources. (Programme for Forest and Adjacent Lands Management (PGFTR) for the period 2002-2011)

· The relationship between the supply of and demand for woodfuels is improved and the promotion of alternative energy sources is assured. (Project Firewood, phase II (PBF II) for the period 2004-2010)

· By 2012, 40% of degraded plant formations are restored. (Objective/indicator extracted from a list of national biodiversity indicators developed in 2002)

· By 2015, to make Benin a dynamic agricultural force that is competitive, respectful of the environment, a creator of wealth, while responding to the socio-economic development needs of the population.  Specifically, this will entail (….)

o Guaranteeing sustainable management of land, farming and fishing zones Benin has defined its vision for agriculture in its revival plan for agriculture (MAEP, 2008 )

· By 2015, identify and protect all regions in Benin of importance in terms of phytodiversity. (National target re Target (b) (v) of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation)

· By 2012, conduct studies on the genetic diversity of all species under threat in Benin to identify zones of diversity and genetic pools for inclusion in different conservation strategies. (National target re Target (b) (vii) of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation)

· By 2012, evaluate the contribution of botanical gardens and other ex situ collections to the national objective for plant conservation. (National target re Target (b) (viii) of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation)

· By 2015, elaborate and adopt a sustainable development plan for classified forests in Benin. (National target re Target (c) (xii) of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation)

· By 2015, capitalize on the traditional knowledge of the population on the uses of plants and integrate this information throughout the education systems. (National target re Target (c) (xiii) of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation)

Botswana

· Botswana has adopted almost all the goals and targets of the 2010 target framework except for Goal 11. Botswana’s national biodiversity strategy is part of the Government’s Vision 2016.

Burundi

· By 2010, the mountain massifs of Ruyigi and Inanzegwe and the tropophile forests of Kumoso will be set aside for regeneration and rehabilitation. (National target re Activity 1.1.6 of the programme of work on protected areas)

Cote d’Ivoire

• In 1988, the Government adopted a Master Plan for Forests with the objective to re-establish, by 2015, the production potential of the Ivorian forests to the level that existed in the 1980s.
• By 2025, produce an updated inventory of national flora. (National target re Objective 1 of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation)
• By 2025, evaluate the conservation status of national flora. (National target re Objective 2 of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation)
• By 2025, conserve at least 20% of the total area of national ecological zones. (National target re Objective 4 of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation)
• By 2025, conserve the majority of plant species under threat in protected areas and national forests. (National target re Objective 7 of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation)

Lesotho

· National Vision 2020: The country’s diversity of life systems will be supported and protected by a nation which is environmentally conscious and whose people are in balanced existence with the natural environment. Basotho will derive continuing benefits from the conservation and sustainable use of their biodiversity. The several global conventions and treaties that Lesotho has signed and ratified shall be translated into concrete actions which will sustain care and management of the environment at large.

Mauritania

· The National Environmental Action Plan (2007-2011) addresses questions related to biological diversity in its strategic axes 3 and 4 and contains some objectives that are measurable and time‑bound. For example:

o Improved coastal governance by means of implementing, in particular, a policy for coastal management in reference to Mauritania’s Master Plan for Coastline Management (PDALM) (Objective 12.3)

o Implementation of a sustainable monitoring system for monitoring the impact of offshore exploration and exploitation activities on fishing resources, the impact of activities on onshore pastoral and aquatic resources as well as on public health. (Objective 13.4)

o Evaluation of the strategic impacts of the oil and mining sector. (Objective 13.5)

o Capacity development for women in rural areas. (Objective 16.2)

Niger

· Expand in situ and ex situ conservation of biological diversity to increase the surface of protected areas from 6.6% in 2004 to 10% by 2015, with improved biological diversity. (National objective contained in the Rural Development Strategy re Objective 1.1. of the 2010 Target).

Rwanda

· Forest cover will be increased from 20% to 23% and annual wood consumption reduced by 30%, and soil erosion by 24%. (Economic Development and Poverty Reduction Strategy (2008-2012)).

South Africa

· South Africa has a protected areas target of 8.7% (from currently 6.5%) by 2013 and 12% by 2028. NPAES contains 20-year targets for each of South Africa’s 400 vegetation types to increase representation of ecosystems in the protected areas network (National Protection Area Expansion Strategy (NPAES)).

Uganda

· Uganda has adopted many of global targets contained in the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation and the programme of work on protected areas.

AMERICAS

Brazil

National 2010 Biodiversity Targets adopted by CONABIO

National Biodiversity Policy Component 1 – Knowledge of biodiversity - (GSPC Focal Area A)

· Target 1.1 - An expanded and accessible list of formally described species of Brazilian plants and vertebrates, and of invertebrates and micro-organisms, these possibly selectively developed, in the form of permanent databases.

· Target 1.2 - National Taxonomy Programme established, aiming at a 50% increase in scientific records with an emphasis on new species descriptions.

· Target 1.3 - Virtual Brazilian Biodiversity Institute created and the expansion of the Biodiversity Research Programme (PPBio) from Amazonia and the Caatinga to the remaining biomes in order to increase availability of information on biodiversity.

National Biodiversity Policy Component 2 –- Conservation of biodiversity (Focal areas 1 and 4 of the CDB framework of goals and targets)

Objective 1. Promote the conservation of the biological diversity of ecosystems, habitats and biomes

• Target 2.1 - At least 30% of the Amazon biome and 10% of the remaining biomes and the coastal and marine zone effectively conserved through protected areas within the National Conservation Area System (SNUC).
• Target 2.2 - Protection of biodiversity guaranteed in at least 2/3 of the Priority Areas for Biodiversity by means of SNUC Protected Areas, Indigenous Lands, and Quilombola Territories.
• Target 2.3 - Temporary or permanent no-fishing zones, to protect fish stocks and integrated with protected areas, comprising 10% of the marine zone.

Objective 2. Promote the conservation of species diversity

• Target 2.4 - All species officially recognized as threatened with extinction in Brazil the object of action plans and active advisory groups.
• Target 2.5 - 100% of threatened species effectively conserved in protected areas.
• Target 2.6 - 25% reduction in the annual rate of increase of threatened species of fauna on the National List and De-listing of 25% of species currently on the National List.
• Target 2.7 - A preliminary national-level assessment of the conservation status of all known plant and vertebrate species and a selective assessment of invertebrates.
• Target 2.8 - 60% of threatened plant species conserved in ex situ collections and 10% of threatened plant species included in recovery and restoration programmes.
• Target 2.9 - 60% of migratory species are the object of action plans and 30% of these have conservation programmes implemented.

Objective 3. Promote the conservation of genetic diversity

• Target 2.10 - 70% of the genetic diversity of socio-economically valuable cultivated or exploited wild plant species and associated indigenous and local knowledge maintained.
• Target 2.11 - 50% of priority species under the Plants for the Future Project conserved in situ and on-farm.
• Target 2.12 - 60% of the genetic diversity of Brazilian wild relatives of cultivated plant species of the ten priority genera effectively conserved in situ and/or ex situ.

Objective 8. Maintain the capacity of ecosystems to deliver goods and services and support livelihoods

• Target 2.13 - Capacity of ecosystems within Priority Areas for Biodiversity to deliver goods and services maintained or increased.
• Target 2.14 - Significant increase in actions to support on-farm conservation of the components of agro-biodiversity that ensure maintenance of sustainable livelihoods, local food security and health care, especially for local communities and indigenous peoples.

National Biodiversity Policy Component 3 – Sustainable use of the components of biodiversity (CBD focal area 2)

Objective 4. Promote sustainable use and consumption

• Target 3.1 - 30% of non-timber plant products obtained from sustainably managed sources.
• Target 3.2 - Recovery of at least 30% of main fish stocks through participative management and capture control.
• Target 3.3 - 40% of the area in Amazonia under forest management plans certified.
• Target 3.4 - 80% of Extractive Reserves and Sustainable Development Reserves benefit from sustainable management of fauna and flora species important for food or economically, with management plans prepared and implemented.
• Target 3.5 - 80% reduction in unsustainable consumption of fauna and flora resources in sustainable development protected areas .
• Target 3.6 - o species of wild fauna or flora endangered by international trade in accordance with CITES provisions.
• Target 3.7 - Significant reduction in illegal trade in fauna and flora species within Brazil.
• Target 3.8 - 80% increase in innovation and added value for new biodiversity-based products.
• Target 3.9 - 80% increase in new sustainable uses of biodiversity in medicine and foods leading to marketable products.
• Target 3.10 - Significant increase in detection, control and repression of biopiracy.
• Target 3.11 - Significant increase of investment in studies, projects and research on sustainable use of biodiversity.
• Target 3.12 - 80% increase in the number of patents deriving from components of biodiversity.
• Target 3.13 - Support of the Commission for Coordination of Ecological and Economic Zoning for the preparation and conclusion of ecological and economic zoning plans for at least 50% of Brazilian states.

National Biodiversity Policy Component 4 – Monitoring, assessment, prevention and mitigation of impacts on biodiversity (CBD focal area 3)

Objective 5. Reduce pressures leading to loss of biodiversity, changes of use and land degradation and unsustainable use of waters

• Target 4.1 - 100% reduction in the rate of deforestation in the Atlantic Forest biome, 75% in the Amazonian biome and 50% in remaining biomes.
• Target 4.2 - Overall reduction of 25% in the number of fires (heat spots) in each biome.
• Target 4.3 - Creation and consolidation of a systematic and standardized nation-wide biodiversity monitoring network.

Objective 6. Control threats from alien invasive species

· Target 4.4 - Action plans for prevention and control prepared for all species listed under the National Assessment of Alien Invasive Species.

· Target 4.5 - Management plans implemented for the control of at least 25 of the principal invasive exotic species that threaten ecosystems, habitats or species in Brazil.

Objective 7. Address threats to biodiversity from climate change and pollution

· Target 4.6 - 50% of sources of water and soil pollution and their impacts on biodiversity controlled.

· Target 4.7 - Support to bio-geographic studies to include the predictability of species occurrence associated with potential climate changes using Geographic Information Systems.

National Biodiversity Policy Component 5 – Access to genetic resources, associated traditional knowledge and benefit sharing (CBD focal areas 5 and 6)

Objective 9. Maintain the socio-cultural diversity of indigenous and local communities

· Target 5.1 - All public policies relevant to traditional knowledge implemented in accordance with Article 8(j) of the Convention on Biological Diversity.

· Target 5.2 - Knowledge, innovations and practices of indigenous peoples and traditional communities protected.

· Target 5.3 - 100% of scientific and general publications deriving from access to traditional knowledge identify the origin of the traditional knowledge.

· Target 5.4 - 100% of cases of access to traditional knowledge include prior informed consent, obligatory sharing of knowledge generated and sharing of benefits.

Objective 10. Ensure the fair and equitable sharing of the benefits deriving from the utilization of genetic resources

· Target 5.5 - Access and benefit sharing legislation, consistent with the Convention on Biological Diversity, approved by the National Congress and implemented and 100% of access and shipment activities conform to national legislation.

· Target 5.6 - Benefits resulting from commercial utilization of genetic resources effectively shared fairly and equitably in support of biodiversity conservation.

· Target 5.7 - 100% of applications for patents on inventions of products or processes deriving from access to genetic resources and associated traditional knowledge include identification of origin and proof of authorized access.

· Target 5.8 - Sharing of benefits in accordance with the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture implemented in Brazil.

· National Biodiversity Policy Component 6 – Education, public awareness, information and outreach on biodiversity (GSPC focal area D).

• Target 6.1- Inclusion of the importance of biological diversity and the need for its conservation, sustainable use and benefit-sharing in communication, education and public awareness programmes.

· Target 6.2 - Increased access to high quality information on conservation, sustainable use and sharing of benefits of biodiversity.

· Target 6.3 - Establishment and strengthening of action networks for the conservation, sustainable use and sharing of benefits of biodiversity.

National Biodiversity Policy Component 7 – Increased legal and institutional capacity for biodiversity management (CBD focal area 7)

Objective 11. Parties have improved financial, human, scientific, technical and technological capacity to implement the Convention

· Target 7.1 - New and additional financial resources, from public and private, domestic and international sources obtained and available for use in Brazil making possible the effective implementation of its commitments to the CBD programmes of work, in accordance with Article 20.

· Target 7.2 - Implementation of initiatives that promote the transfer to Brazil of environmentally sustainable technologies developed in other countries for the effective implementation of the CBD programmes of work, in accordance with Article 20, paragraph 4 and Article 16.

· Target 7.3 - Promotion of the exchange and transfer of environmentally sustainable technologies between developing countries for the effective implementation of the CBD programmes of work, in accordance with Article 20, paragraph 4 and Article 16.

Canada

· Federal MPA agencies are presently working towards establishment of an additional 13 to 15 sites by 2012.

· In 2007, the Governments of Canada and Quebec set up a bilateral group on marine protected areas, with the common goal of establishing a network of new marine protected areas in Quebec by 2012.

· Quebec committed to protecting 12 per cent of its territory by 2015.

Chile

· Chile has 0.81% of its marine territory represented in marine protected areas (as of 2006), and have set a target for 2015 to increase the ecosystems that are not currently represented in Marine Protected Areas.

· Chile notes that only a few of the targets and indicators adopted under the Convention on Biological Diversity, including for the 2010 target and the programme of work on protected areas, have been incorporated into the various biodiversity management instruments of Chile.

· Chile will have created a Comprehensive National Protected Area System with a framework that is financially sustainable and supports the management of public, public-private, and private protected areas in terrestrial, coastal, and marine areas by 2013.

· Chile set a national target to have at least 10% of its important ecosystems protected by 2010 and to improve the representativity of the ecosystems protected.

Costa Rica

National conservation targets for the protected areas system of Costa Rica

· By 2010, Costa Rica will have identified and mapped the conservation gaps in the terrestrial territory (analysing the respective conservation strategies) and will have initiated the process of consolidating 26% to 26.5% of the continental territory (into protected areas), a process that will be finalized in 2015. In addition, Costa Rica will promote other conservation strategies that will focus on areas outside of protected areas such as biological corridors and areas under payments for environmental services (PES).

· By 2010, Costa Rica has been able to establish a Protected Area system covering 26% of the continental surface and has initiated the process of reaching 26.5% coverage by 2015.

· By 2012 Costa Rica has identified and mapped the conservation gaps for its marine territory, analyzing the respective conservation strategies. Additionally Costa Rica has initiated the process of consolidating the marine protected areas, including implementation of management categories that include the sustainable use of resources, the participation of stakeholders, and spanning 17% of the corresponding surface (and taking into account the identified conservation gaps).

· By 2012, Costa Rica has 1% of the Exclusive Economic Zone (17% of the territorial waters) declared in a management category, and is engaged in a process of increasing to 2% by 2015.

National targets on management effectiveness

· By 2010, Costa Rica has an institutional framework for the supervision and evaluation of the national system of protected areas and is applying this tool in monitoring the effectiveness of management for 40% of the protected areas.

· By 2012, Costa Rica has applied the tool for monitoring the management effectiveness of 75% of the national system of protected areas.

· By 2012, the national system of protected areas has management plans for 70% of its areas.

National targets for climate change

· By 2011, Costa Rica has identified and mapped the potential impacts on biodiversity and ecosystem services, identified adaptive capacity, and identified the necessary management measures for protected areas in response to climate change and extreme weather events.

· By 2014, Costa Rica has identified and mapped (i) the impacts on biodiversity and ecosystem services that are potentially derived from adaptation measures and proposed or adopted mitigation measures to combat climate change and extreme weather events, and (ii) the necessary management measures for protected areas.

· By 2015, Costa Rica has formulated a strategy for the adaptation of protected areas and expected impacts on biodiversity and ecosystem services as a result of climate change, extreme weather events, and adaptation and mitigation measures adopted by the country. Furthermore, by 2015 Costa Rica is implementing the strategy in a pilot area.

· By 2015, Costa Rica is implementing the Ecological Monitoring Programme for Protected Areas and Biological Corridors (PROMEC-CR) as a mechanism for monitoring and evaluation of the status of biodiversity conservation and ecosystem services as well as a dynamic and adaptive planning mechanism for climate change and extreme weather events.

National targets for transboundary protected areas

· By 2012, Costa Rica has established an management scheme for the La Amistad International Park (Costa Rica and Panama) and the Eastern Tropical Pacific Marine Corridor (Corredor Marino del Pacífico Este Tropical) (Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, and Ecuador).

Cuba

Cuba reports on what has been accomplished thus far under each of the goals of the 2010 Target as well as across programmes of work of the Convention:

· The areas where Cuba has worked with more intensity are goals 1, 2, 3, 9 and 11, which will be attained without difficulty by 2010;

· Goals 4, 5 and 8 can reach a high level of fulfilment for 2010;

· Goals 6, 7 and 10 related to management and control of invasive alien species, climate change considerations in relation with biodiversity, and access to the genetic resources and benefits distribution, are already identified under the national work priorities and will only reach a partial level of fulfillment for 2010;

Most of the quantitative numbers (percentages) provided fall under Goals 1 and 2 of the 2010 Target. For the Biodiversity Plan of Action:

· Under goal 1 the Plan of Action included completing a gap analysis of species and/ or ecosystems that were underrepresented in their protected area system, with the goal of declaring representation of these species and/or ecosystems by 2010 for terrestrial areas and 2012 for marine areas.

· Approve 80% of the PAs of national significance, 60% of the PAs of local significance, and guarantee the coverage of 80% of the habitats and species of the country, with an emphasis on unique habitats, endemic or threatened species and areas that guarantee connectivity of the system.

For the National Environment Strategy:

· Reach 10% of the increase in the effectiveness in the management of protected areas.

· All species that are object of exploitation (that are used?) to have management plans by 2010.

· Increase 7% of the national territory which is included in the SNAP to cover a total area of 11.4% by 2010.

· Increase 12% of the national territory included in the National System of AMP, to cover 15% of the national territory by 2010 (Se incrementa en un 12% el area de lat plataforma insular del territorio nacional comprendida en el Sistema Nacional de AMP, el cual abraca para el 2010 una superficie total del 15% de dicho territorio.

Dominican Republic

Referring to the CBD Targets for the protected areas programme of work:

· Target 1.1 (global network of comprehensive and representative regional PA system established) the Dominican Republic will do this for terrestrial areas by 2010, and marine areas by 2012.

· Target 1.2 the Dominican Republic will do this by 2015, employing the ecosystem approach.

· Target 1.3 (transboundary PAs) the Dominican Republic will create and strengthen transborder Protected Areas by 2010/2012 – also with a goal to strengthen regional cooperation.

· Target 1.4 (effective management in place for PAs) the Dominican Republic says that by 2012 all protected areas will have “efficient management” based on science, participatory processes, management strategies, etc.

· Targets 3.2 and 3.3. (on capacity-building and technology transfer) DR notes that programmes will be executed for 2010.

· Targets 4.2 and 4.3 (on evaluation) the Dominican Republic plans to meet these by 2010.

Grenada

· The Government made a public pronouncement to effectively protect 25% of its terrestrial and near shore coastal areas by 2020.

· Grenada has signed into a Caribbean-wide initiative named the Caribbean Challenge Initiative that proposes to effectively protect 20% of their marine and coastal habitats by 2020.

Guatemala

· They analyze the NBSAP (in their Chapter 2) in terms of the goals under the 2010 Biodiversity Target. However, no quantitative 2010 or post 2010 targets were specified.

ASIA

Afghanistan

· By 2012, legal and regulatory frameworks and management services for “green” issues, including natural resource management, will be established and implemented. (National Environment Protection Strategy for Afghanistan).

· By 2020, the principles of sustainable development will be integrated into country policies and programmes and the loss of environmental sources will be reversed. (Millennium Development Goals: Vision 2020).

Bhutan

· Bhutan’s Constitution requires the Government to ensure at least 60% of forest cover in perpetuity. By 2013, four of the planned 10 protected areas will be established, with 6 already established. (National Tenth Five-year Plan 2009-2013).

· One strategic goal of Country Vision 2020 is “to improve living standard through increasing economic growth, improving environmental quality and conserving biodiversity”. (Country Vision 2020).

· By end of 2013, over 49.5% of the country’s land area representing all the ecosystems will be under protected areas thereby ensuring survival of all the representative species. (National Tenth Five-year Plan 2009-2013).

Cambodia (targets below mostly from Cambodia’s MDGs)

· Maintaining forest coverage at the 2000 level of 60% of total land area through 2010 and 2015.

· Maintaining the surface of 23 protected areas at the 1993 level of 3.3 million ha through 2015.

· Maintaining the surface of 6 new forest-protected areas at the present level of 1.35 million ha through 2015.

· The number of community-based fisheries will be increased from 264 in 2000 to 589 in 2015.

· By 2010, comprehensive and ecologically representative national and regional systems of terrestrial protected areas will be completed, and that of marine protected areas by 2012.

· At least 840 ha of coral and 9,000 ha of sea-grass will be under sustainable management by 2016.

· By 2012 20% of the nation’s forests will be managed by local communities.

· The fuel wood dependency of households will be reduced from 92% of 1993 to 52% in 2015 and 61% by 2010.

China

· By 2020, an energy/resource-efficient and environmentally friendly industrial structure, growth and consumption patterns will be basically established. (Scientific Development Vision).

· By 2012, the forest coverage will be increased to 20% of the total country land area. (National 11^th Five-Year Plan 2008-2012).

· By 2020, the forest coverage will be increased to 23% and exceed 26% by 2050. (State Council Decision on Accelerating Forestry Development).

· By 2010, the area of nature reserves will account for 14% of the total land area of the country, and by 2030, for 16.8%, and by 2050, for 18%. (National Programme for Wildlife Protection and Nature Reserves).

· By 2030, the ecological deterioration will be completely halted. (National Ecological Conservation Plan).

· By 2015, the loss of biological resources will be controlled. (National Programme for Conservation and Use of Biological Resources).

· By 2030, the forest protected areas will account for about 15% of the total land area of the country. (National Plan for Forest Protected Areas).

· By 2030, 713 wetland sites and 80 sites of international importance will be established, protecting 90% of wetlands of the country. (National Plan for Wetland Conservation).

· By 2020, grassland environment will be significantly improved. (National Plan for Grassland Conservation).

India

· By 2012, forest and tree cover will be increased to 33% (from 23.39% presently).

Indonesia

· To increase marine conservation areas from 4.7 million ha in 2003 to 10 million ha in 2010, and to 20 million ha in 2020. (IBSAP 2003-2020).

· 60% of threatened plant species will be conserved through ex situ conservation by 2010.

· To reduce and stop the rate of biodiversity degradation and extinction at national, regional and local levels within 2003-2020, along with rehabilitation and sustainable use efforts. (Biodiversity Management Action Plan).

Japan

· By 2012, 60% of the land area will be covered by the national ecosystem monitoring system, through implementation of “1000 Monitoring Sites”.

· By 2012, 50% of endangered plants will be conserved.

· Japan’s third biodiversity strategy (adopted in 2008) sets a “centennial plan” for ecological management of national land, with three qualitative targets.

Jordan

· By 2012, the coverage of protected areas will reach 12% of the total land area of the country and 15% by 2017.

Mongolia

· The goal of National Programme on Special Protected Areas (approved by the Parliament in 1998) is to increase coverage of protected areas up to 30% of the total land area.

Myanmar

· By 2031, the permanent forest estate will remain 40% of the total country area. (National Forest Master Plan 2001-2031).

· By 2010, the coverage of the protected areas systems will be increased to 10% of the total land area. (National Sustainable Development Strategy).

Nepal

· By 2010, at least 40% of the lands will be maintained under forests and shrub lands.

Philippines

· By 2010, the forest cover aims at an increase to 19% of the total land area.

Republic of Korea

· By 2012, Korea will designate DMZ as UNESCO Biosphere Reserve.

· By 2014, a plan will be developed for protection of island ecosystems and specific islands designated for conservation.

· By 2015, a system of marine protected areas will be established.

Sri Lanka

· By 2009, Sri Lanka should have a well established protected area network system, having adequate representation of the diverse ranges of biodiversity found in the country.

· National Forestry Sector Master Plan till 2020 puts great emphasis on biodiversity and establishment of protected areas by different categories (strict conservation, non-extractive use, management of multiple use forests for sustainable production of wood and management of forests with community participation).

Vietnam

· By 2010, the forest cover aims at an increase to 42-43% of the total land area.

· A system of 15 marine protected areas has been proposed.

· Biodiversity conservation, wetland and forest resources protection, sustainable use of natural resources and management capacity building have been included in the country’s Orientation Towards 2020.

Yemen

· By 2012, a list of most dangerous alien invasive species will be eradicated and controlled.

· By 2012, all environmental themes will be incorporated into curriculum of universities and schools.

· By 2015, the principles of sustainable development will be integrated into country policies and programmes and the loss of environmental resources reversed. (MDG)

· Development and implementation of sustainable management and monitoring programmes for water and land resources, agriculture, coastal zone, biodiversity and waste management. (Vision 2025).

EUROPE

Belgium

· Wallon region: by 2013, a framework decree on nature covering all components of the regional territory will be adopted. 6,500 ha of forests must be designated as reserves by 2013.

Czech Republic

· The State Environment Policy has included an objective of increasing the share of organic farming out of agricultural land areas to at least 10% by 2010.

· National Forest Programme (2008-2013) provides a concept of exercise of sustainable forest management by the long-term improvement of competitive ability of forest management.

Denmark

· The Environment and Nature Plan Denmark up to 2020. The aim of the plan is to secure not only a better environment and climate, but also more areas of nature of a high quality that are accessible to everyone. Specifically 19,000 tonne reduction in nitrogen discharge to the aquatic environment from 2010 to 2015. 210 tonne reduction in discharge of phosphor to the aquatic environment from 2010 to 2015.

Estonia

· Nature Conservation Development Plan until 2035: the number of threatened species and threats imposed to them will not increase.

European Community

· Risks to soil biodiversity in the EU substantially reduced by 2013

· Substantial progress made towards ‘good ecological status’ of freshwaters by 2010 and further substantial progress made by 2013.

· Principal pollutant pressures on terrestrial and freshwater biodiversity substantially reduced by 2010 and again by 2013.

· Ecosystem approach to the protection of the seas in place and implying fisheries management measures no later than 2016.

· Stock levels maintained or restored to levels that can produce maximum sustainable yield, where possible no later than 2015.

· 10 million Europeans actively engaged in biodiversity conservation by 2010, and [15 million by 2013].

Finland

· National Forest Programme Vision and target for 2015: “Finland is a world pioneer in sustainable forest management, the competence of the sector will be refined into new competitive products and services, the use of domestic wood will be increased significantly and forest biodiversity will be improved.”

· The National Adaptation Strategy for Climate Change sets out measures to be taken until 2080, aiming to improve capacities to adapt to the changes ahead. The strategy includes 21 recommendations for possible measures that could facilitate the adaptation of natural biota to climate change, including the monitoring and development of the protected areas network, the restoration of habitats, the conservation and management of species important for biodiversity, and the eradication of harmful alien invasive species.

· By 2012, a total of 33,000 ha of upland forests and drained peatlands in the State conservation areas under its administration will be restored.

· National Biodiversity Communication Programme for 2009-2016 has been prepared. Finnish strategy for the Decade of Education for Sustainable Development 2005-2014 includes a vision that all individuals can contribute to sustainable development and the concept of education for sustainable development takes a holistic view of development by addressing the ecological, economic, social and cultural dimensions of sustainable development.

France

· By 2015, achieve a “good ecological status” or “good ecological potential” for two-thirds of the water mass of inland waters and wetlands.

· By 2018, reduce the use of phytosanitary products by 50% (and as soon as this is technically possible). (2018 Ecophtyo Plan).

· By 2011, develop a National Adaptation Plan on Climate Change.

· By 2012, create 10 marine natural parks.

· By 2010, create three new national parks.

Hungary

· National Fisheries Strategic Plan (2007-2013) incorporates ecosystem-based management and identifies at least one specific objective and one medium-term term aim towards that end. One specific objective is “slowing down the degradation of natural aquatic habitats, restocking indigenous species and reducing the overpopulation of invasive fish species”.

· National Forest Programme (2006-2015) includes objectives related the national ecological network and Natura 2000 sites, forest naturalness and biodiversity conservation as well as to the introduction of near natural forest management.

Luxembourg

· By 2011, 5.000 ha of agricultural land are managed under biodiversity “contracts”. (2007 National Plan for the Protection of Nature).

· By 2011, certify more than 50% of state forests (approximately 40% of forested surface is certified at present). (2007 National Plan for the Protection of Nature).

· By 2010, create a national forest network with 5% of the forested surface under the forest regime managed according to natural processes. (2007 National Plan for the Protection of Nature).

Norway

· By 2012, Norway will have established a representative network of marine protected areas.

· By 2015, spawning in fish cages will be halted to avoid genetic mixing of farmed cod and wild cod. (Ministry of Fisheries and Coastal Affairs’ plan for sustainable future-oriented cod farming).

· Ministry of Agriculture and Food has prepared an Environmental Strategy for 2008-2015 whose central goal is to improve integration of biodiversity concerns into agricultural activities.

· Norway’s international Climate and Forest Initiative was launched in Bali in 2007. According to this initiative Norway will provide 3 billion NOK a year to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from deforestation in developing countries.

Poland

· National Environmental Policy for 2009-2012 including Perspectives till Year 2016 set a primary goal to ensure the ecological security of the country as well as creating basis for the sustainable social and economic development.

· To increase the country’s afforestation to 30% in 2020 and to 33% in 2050. (National Forest Policy).

Romania

· The target for 2015 is to increase the national parks area to 15% of the country’s land area.

Spain

· While not specifically labelled as a national target, Spain’s State Strategic Plan (Plan Estratégico Estatal) envisions the development and approval of sector-specific plans by 2012.

· By 2010, Spain will have the Spanish System of Biodiversity Monitoring (Sistema Español de Seguimiento de la Biodiversidad) in operation which will produce data for evaluating biodiversity trends at the national level. Reference is made throughout the fourth National Report to initiatives created in line with Natura 2000 and other Europe-wide biodiversity-related processes.

Spain intends to adopt and implement a National Strategy for Plant Conservation during 2009) with the following proposed goals (no specific timelines are assigned):

· To achieve Goal 2 of the GSPC: Conduct a preliminary assessment of the conservation status of all wild species of plants and fungi in Spain.

· To achieve Goal 3 of the GSPC: Compile, prepare, and disseminate models, protocols, and practical experience for the conservation and sustainable use of plant species in Spain.

· To achieve Goal 4 of the GSPC: that all protected areas guarantee the conservation of plant species and communities

· To achieve Goal 5 of the GSPC: Ensure the protection of all important areas for plant diversity in Spain .

· To achieve Goal 6 of the GSPC: Attain at least 30% of the protective lands are managed in line with plant biodiversity conservation.

· To achieve Goal 7 of the GSPC: Guarantee the in situ conservation of 100% of the threatened plant species in Spain.

· To achieve Goal 8 of the GSPC: Achieve the ex situ conservation of at least 60% of the threatened vascular plants in Spain in accessible collections and ensure that all these species have an effective recovery or conservation plan.

· To achieve Goal 9 of the GSPC: Achieve through the conservation of 70% of the genetic diversity of crops and other socio-economically valuable plan species through the in situ and ex situ conservation activities and through traditional local knowledge.

· To achieve Goal 10 of the GSPC: Adopt the following national goal: Establish management plans, and plans for control or eradication of invasive alien species at the state level for at least 10 main invasive alien species that threaten plant species and communities as well as habitats and ecosystems.

· To achieve Goal 11 of the GSPC: Adopt the following national goal: Guarantee that no wild flora species in Spain is threatened by its international trade.

· To achieve Goal 12 of the GSPC: Adopt the following national goal: Ensure that 30% of the products derived from plant species are from sustainably managed sources and 100% of products derived from natural or semi-natural ecosystems are sustainably managed.

· To achieve Goal 13 of the GSPC: Adopt the following national goal: Halt and reverse the loss of knowledge, management practices, and traditional sustainable use of plant resources that conserve plant diversity and ensure the availability of species which are used to ensure food security and health.

· To achieve Goal 14 of the GSPC: Adopt the following national goal: Ensure the inclusion of a common theoretical framework for the conservation and sustainable use of plant diversity in all national education programmes and plans as well as in institutions dedicated to environmental education and public awareness.

· To achieve Goal 15 of the GSPC: Adopt the following national goal: Promote a needs assessment on progress in achieving the goals and objectives of National Strategy for Plant Conservation, and increase, where necessary, the number of professionals and financial resources.

· To achieve Goal 16 of the GSPC: Adopt the following national goal: Establish and consolidate appropriate networks to achieve compliance with the Strategy.

Targets under the programme of work on protected areas, Spain is applying the various targets under the programme of work. For example:

· Goal 1: Spain has initiated the development of marine protected area networks and expects these to be consolidated by 2012 with the design of the Natura 2000 network.